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$1 Million Hit? The Real Deal on Polonium

November 30, 2006 4:58 PM

Polonium210_nr Polonium-210, the radioactive substance that killed former Russian agent Alexander Litvinenko, is easily available on the Internet, but it could take $1 million to amass a lethal amount, according to leading authorities.

Polonium-210 isotopes are offered online by a number of companies, including United Nuclear of New Mexico. The company sells polonium-210 isotopes for about $69 but says it would take about 15,000 orders, for a total cost of over $1 million, to have a toxic amount.

United Nuclear today posted an online clarification to answer concerns they are selling weapons of assassination.

"These quantities of radioactive material are not hazardous," says the statement on United Nuclear's Web site. "Another point to keep in mind is that an order for 15,000 sources would look a tad suspicious, considering we sell about one or two sources every three months."

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) agrees that the quantities sold by United Nuclear and similar companies are not hazardous.  Even a large amount of polonium-210 is only toxic if swallowed or absorbed.

It remains unclear how anyone could have obtained the amount apparently used in the poisoning death of the former Russian spy.  Speculation that it must have come from a Russian nuclear reactor is being discounted by many experts. 

"The idea that you'd have to have access to the Russian nuclear complex is silly," said Michael Levi, Fellow for Science and Technology at the Council on Foreign Relations. Levi says that while it isn't easy to obtain a deadly amount of polonium online, it also isn't prohibitively difficult.

Some devices that are used to clean records and film contain polonium-210, which Levi says could be extracted from the devices given some chemistry skills and provided the person had the other necessary materials. That equipment could be bought for a couple hundred dollars.

Many of those devices, however, are designed to prevent the polonium from being extractable and, according to the NRC, the devices would be a "highly unlikely source" from which someone would acquire a hazardous amount of polonium-210.

"It's not easy to get," said David McIntyre at the NRC. "Any amount if you were to disassemble the device would be very difficult to get, and it still wouldn't be in a hazardous form."

Levi agrees with the NRC that it would be hard, but he says it is far from impossible. "It doesn't help that vendors provide engineering diagrams of their devices on the web," he said.

So where else could one get polonium-210 without climbing the walls at a Russian nuclear complex? Other possible sources include commercial and research reactors overseas that deal with polonium isotopes.

Whatever the source, experts agree that the use of polonium as a murder weapon is a peculiar choice.

"There certainly are more tried and true ways to kill people," said Levi. "You shouldn't be particularly scared about polonium because there are a lot of other ways to kill people by slipping something into their drink."

November 30, 2006 | Permalink | User Comments (28)

User Comments

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I would be very surprised to find out that the KGB didn't develop a variety of methods for assasinating targets. If the objective is to make a public statement about opposing the Russian government but also have reasonable deniability this would seem to accomplish both objectives. Those who dare to oppose the Russian government recognize the handywork, whereas no government will be able to pin the smoking gun on Russia.

The alternative, that someone was willing to invest $1M to embarrass the Russian government, seems rather far fetched. Especially when considering that Russia really gains power through the action.

Posted by: BooMan | Nov 30, 2006 5:54:06 PM

I am not going to say anything negative about the KGB or Putin. They might be watching this Blog.

Posted by: mike jones | Nov 30, 2006 6:00:14 PM

I agree BooMan "Reasonable Deniability" is the key word. :-)

Posted by: Slayer_Kraz | Nov 30, 2006 6:10:19 PM

I also read that Plutomium 210 was difficult to detect and only UK had an agency with the equipment to do so. Meaning that the guilty one may not have expected the toxic source to be discovered.

Posted by: Chirper | Nov 30, 2006 6:31:14 PM

What an intriguing story. And it just keeps gettng more intriguing. It would appear to the casual observer that Putin didn't do this.

Why? Because, this is a total "light up" of the entire spy network. Putin would stand to lose an entire network over something personal? No, I think someone wants to settle a score by exposing this network for all to see. That would eliminate Putin as a suspect.

Posted by: fontleroy | Nov 30, 2006 6:34:56 PM

There's the suggestion in this article that there would be much easier and cheaper ways to kill people, but I think this particular way of doing it may have been chosen because of the amount of suffering involved. He was around for a couple of weeks I believe, knowing he was likely to die, and suffering greatly from radiation poisoning the entire time. So it's not just a matter of how easy or how inexpensive alternatives may have been, in my opinion

Posted by: JimDogg | Nov 30, 2006 6:37:29 PM

"Reasonable Deniability"
Don't you mean Plausible Denial?

Either way, Russia is great, Russia is merciful. Russia is fair. Putin is a kind man

Posted by: Raoul Duke | Nov 30, 2006 6:51:16 PM

RE:polonium poisoning in britain

The way that man died was hideous and despicable,but it does raise some burning questions about airport security that need to be asked.

How could ANY radioactive substance even make it past airport security?

Why aren't there gieger counters in airports,especially when they aren't that expensive?(between 100 and 300 USD)

Are US airlines safe from terrorists using aircraft to do thier bidding with radioactive substances?

Somebody needs to address these questions before something even worse happens and to more people.It won't take long before Al-Queda or someone gets another epithany.

Posted by: Robert Tomack | Nov 30, 2006 7:12:57 PM

Two people so critical of the Russian government assisinated in such a short period of time. Hmmmm.

Posted by: Jason Greer | Nov 30, 2006 10:17:52 PM

What???? This article runs counter to what I have been reading about Polonium. Polonium is 250 billion times more toxic than hydrogen cyanide and amount so miniscule that you can barely see is lethal. So I don't understand the crux nor the logic of this argument.

Posted by: ROb K | Nov 30, 2006 10:25:18 PM

Russian agents used a nuclear WMD against a citizen in a primary NATO country. I think the only reasonable response is a massive NATO counterattack.

Posted by: Fred | Nov 30, 2006 11:01:33 PM

Polonium sold as isotope samples are by law too small to be dangerous. However manufactured goods are not limited in amount of radioactivity. For example there are 500 micro Curies of polonium in a 3 inch anti-static brush sold to consumers. Only 3 of them are needed for a fatal dose, if ingested. A determined killer could extract polonium and convert it to a form absorbed by the body. Almost anyone could have poisoned Litvinenko.

Posted by: Leonard | Nov 30, 2006 11:24:33 PM

More likely he was done in by an ex-lover or possibly his wife. Isn't the spouse usually the suspect in murder cases. I say check for the money trail.

Posted by: Jen | Nov 30, 2006 11:34:12 PM

Looking at the big picture view of this situation. Polonium-210 is an alpha particle emitter that can cause human physical damage only when swallowed. The traces of "radiation" found in various spots of are actually remains of the source itself. This might imply that the handler of this radiation source carried it outside of a container allowing for cross-contamination. If this implied relationship is correct, then the handler might have known that radiation source was a danger to human life if swallowed but didn't know the exact nature of the radiation source. I don't feel the Russian government (Putin)would carry out such a sloppy assisination for a political agenda.

Posted by: DWM | Dec 1, 2006 7:32:26 AM

To answer the concern about why the radioactivity wasnt picked up in an airport - a geiger counter cant count alpha radiation which is what Po-210 emits - the radioactive "particles" only travel a minute distance - and can be stopped by paper.
Its only a hazard when ingested and put into contact with internal organs
There are detectors that can measure the "alpha" radiation but you would have to be within an inch of the material to see a tiny response on a meter from the amount needed to poison someone

Posted by: marval | Dec 1, 2006 8:08:01 AM

He was probably smuggling it himself.

Posted by: Dave | Dec 1, 2006 9:03:29 AM

Tobacco smoke emits alpha particles. That's what does a lot of the damage to a smoker's lungs. Are the authorities sure they're detecting Polonium on the aircraft or just the lingering effects of a smoker?

Posted by: John | Dec 1, 2006 11:55:04 AM

It all makes you wonder....they never figured out what killed Arafat?? Was this it???

Posted by: Karen | Dec 1, 2006 3:40:37 PM

Putin is not a "nice guy". You don't get to the head of the Russian government and be a nice guy. He may not have ordered the specific hit, but he is accountable for all these recent assasinations. These are murders and the Russians are a murderous base population with a bloody history.

Posted by: Bob | Dec 1, 2006 4:34:57 PM

Why are people making a big deal about Russia making a targeted hit. Didn't OUR republican controlled government , just pass a law that gave Bush the right to assassinate anyone he wishes?????

Posted by: Pete | Dec 1, 2006 6:11:14 PM

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